tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90303001924936797502024-03-13T01:01:52.718-07:00AriesNurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-59235843956937814042015-09-13T20:58:00.000-07:002015-09-13T20:58:17.924-07:00<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 15 – Creating Collaborative Partnerships</span></h3>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">TEAMS, PARTNERSHIPS AND ALLIANCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Organizations create and use teams, partnerships and alliances to;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Undertake new initiatives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Address both minor and major problems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Capitalize on significant opportunities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Organizations create teams, partnerships and alliances both internally with employees and externally with other organizations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Collaboration system – supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Information partnerships with other organizations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJzVD_iK6dnCF1bv5mOnHbifoRYJXWaLhRLA1zk_NzGObu-R3WTx0_fx4WZzPYFmtRvPoo5f9CL23-NPt_pTrKpKE-W-b-BGMoZXmWsj_ORxhcmm7ORWc7iLCHGswbrcaVvVghHOQ0H6Q/s1600/15.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJzVD_iK6dnCF1bv5mOnHbifoRYJXWaLhRLA1zk_NzGObu-R3WTx0_fx4WZzPYFmtRvPoo5f9CL23-NPt_pTrKpKE-W-b-BGMoZXmWsj_ORxhcmm7ORWc7iLCHGswbrcaVvVghHOQ0H6Q/s320/15.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Organizations from alliance and partnerships with other organizations based on their core competency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Core competency – An organization’s key strength, a business function that it does better than any of its competitors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Core competency strategy – Organization chooses to focus specifically on its core competency and forms partnerships with other organizations to handle nonstrategic business processes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Information technology can make a business partnership easier to establish and manage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Information partnerships – Occurs when two or more organizations cooperate by integrating their IT systems, thereby providing customers with the best of what each can offer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The internet has dramatically increased the ease and availability for IT – enabled organizational alliance and partnerships<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">COLLABORATION SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Collaboration solves specific business tasks such as telecommuting, online meetings, deploying applications, and remote project and sales management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Collaboration system – An IT- based set of tools that supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Two categories of collaboration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Unstructured collaboration (information collaboration) – includes document exchange, shared whiteboards, discussion forums, and email.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Structured collaboration (process collaboration) – involves shared participation in business processes such as workflow in which knowledge is hard-coded as rules<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Collaborative business functions <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Collaboration systems include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Knowledge management systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Content management systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Workflow management systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Groupware systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Knowledge management (KM) – involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving and sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Knowledge management system – supports the capturing and use of an organization’s “know-how”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">EXPLICIT AND TACIT KNOWLEDGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Intellectual and knowledge-based assets fall into two categories;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Explicit knowledge – consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of IT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Tacit knowledge – knowledge contained in people’s heads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The following are two best practices for transferring or recreating tacit knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Shadowing – less experienced staff observe more experienced staff to learn how their more experienced counterparts approach their work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Joint problem solving – a novice and expert work together on a project<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Reasons why organizations launch knowledge management programs <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1nyIEpjhmDTR06tPNp7_PGNs6Ai9WcO5FmbXUKwJVMI54pez85Z4S4rFkybM1mct_PwrR18tUZklidCjNepTUG60CO4LHJ5UNOkdWdnK9ZYWsHP98Y6TkwtBoogB2m9gzWEZVbPkcj_0J/s1600/152.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1nyIEpjhmDTR06tPNp7_PGNs6Ai9WcO5FmbXUKwJVMI54pez85Z4S4rFkybM1mct_PwrR18tUZklidCjNepTUG60CO4LHJ5UNOkdWdnK9ZYWsHP98Y6TkwtBoogB2m9gzWEZVbPkcj_0J/s320/152.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Content management system (CMS) – provides tools to manage the creation, storage, editing and publication of information in a collaborative environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø CMS marketplace includes;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Document management system (DMS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Digital assets management system (DAM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Web content management system (WCM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">WORKING WIKIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Wikis – web-based tools that make it easy for users to add, remove, and change online content<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Business wikis – collaborative web pages that allows users to edit documents, share ideas or monitor the status of a project<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Work activities can be performed in series or in parallel that involves people and automated computer systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Workflow – defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning to end, required for a business process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Workflow management system – facilitates the automation and management of business processes and controls the movement of work through the business process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Messaging-based workflow system – sends work assignments through an email system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Database-based workflow system – stores documents in a central location and automatically asks the team members to access the document when it is their turn to edit the document<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">GROUPWARE SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Groupware technologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Groupware – software that supports teams interaction and dynamics including calendaring, scheduling and videoconferencing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">WEB CONFERENCING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Web conferencing – blends audio, video and document-sharing technologies to create virtual meeting rooms where people “gather” at a password-protected website<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">VIDEOCONFERENCING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Video conference – A set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <b>INSTANT MESSAGING</b><br /><b><br /></b></span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Email is the dominant form of collaboration application, but real-time collaboration tools like instant messaging are creating a new communication dynamic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Instant messaging – types of communications service that enables someone to create a kind of private chat room with another individual to communicate in real-time over the internet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Instant messaging application <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #888888; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGo9SceFocV5FYq_0DMpwZnkPmSTYFIZGVwk3r42BOCxPe75E_NkDknJjUMGmLYT53Dcin3K9AFMhKuC2-PRSMd70jBEFh0AHyb-_dGJpsOJ8bW6-ueYyInyyL1quI4LwAlxJcNdYzZQji/s1600/157.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; line-height: 1.4; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;">Web 2.0 : Advantages of Business 2.0</a></span></u></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGo9SceFocV5FYq_0DMpwZnkPmSTYFIZGVwk3r42BOCxPe75E_NkDknJjUMGmLYT53Dcin3K9AFMhKuC2-PRSMd70jBEFh0AHyb-_dGJpsOJ8bW6-ueYyInyyL1quI4LwAlxJcNdYzZQji/s1600/157.png" imageanchor="1"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: start;" /></span><ul style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18.48px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Web 2.0 is the next generation of internet use</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Content sharing through open sourcing</span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Source code contains instructions written by a programmer specifying the actions to be performed by computer software</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Open source refers to any software whose source code is made available free for any third party to review and modify</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">User-contributed content</span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Created and updated by many users for many users</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">One of the most popular forms of user-generated content is a reputation system, where buyers post feedback on sellers</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Collaboration inside the organization </span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">A set of tools that supports the work of teams or groups by facilitating the sharing and flow of the information</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Collective intelligence is collaborating and tapping into the core knowledge of all employees, partners, and customers</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">A knowledge management systems (KMS) supports the capturing, organization, and dissemination of knowledge throughout the organizations</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Collaboration outside the organization</span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The most common form of collective intelligence found outside the organization is crowd sourcing, which refers to the wisdom of the crowd</span></li>
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<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Networking Communities with Business 2.0</span></u></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Social media refers to websites that rely on user participation and user-contributed content, such as Facebook</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Social networking is the practice of expanding your business and social contacts by constructing a personal network</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Social networking analysis (SNA) maps group contacts identifying who knows each other and who works together</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Social tagging describes the collaborative activity of marking shared online content with keywords or tags as a way to organize it for future navigation, filtering, or search </span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Website bookmark is a locally stored URL or the address of a file or internet page saved as a shortcut</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Social bookmarking allows users to share, organize, search, and manage bookmarks</span></li>
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<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Business 2.0 Tools for Collaborating</span></u></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Blogs</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Wikis</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mashups</span></li>
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<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Challenges of Business 2.0</span></u></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Technology dependence</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Information vandalism</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Violations of copyright and plagarism</span></li>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-32724980250361152642015-09-08T06:15:00.003-07:002015-09-10T20:09:32.010-07:00Chapter 14<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 14 – E business</span></h3>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">E BUSINESS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The internet is a powerful channel that presents new opportunities for organization to;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Touch customers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Enrich products and services with information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Reduce costs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø How do ecommerce and e business differ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Ecommerce – the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ E business – the conducting of business on the internet including, not only buying and selling, but also serving customers and collaborating with business partners<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16.8667px;">Industries Using E business </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1FJVFLgZPv6C-QT8A3nzmzH_NgGw0IB0I81y5QYLZvEwUULbH4UCRgpsN_7l7g2hHwckB6QWsYs8vFarqkeV1hn8tkjW8HddlgDungljFRperwX2mTrRgN4f1UXnrnYOingc15yFT7Ud/s1600/141.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig1FJVFLgZPv6C-QT8A3nzmzH_NgGw0IB0I81y5QYLZvEwUULbH4UCRgpsN_7l7g2hHwckB6QWsYs8vFarqkeV1hn8tkjW8HddlgDungljFRperwX2mTrRgN4f1UXnrnYOingc15yFT7Ud/s320/141.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">E BUSINESS MODELS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø E business model – An approach to conducting electronic business on the Internet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMnMbtGS2i0tpyQ9cjflZI4m6OxnD5Bc8J651CIWMeWiMHfUpSb8zhr_kgmZcKV0v4tO8RA4QYW8elhN4gOa3FfPmu4ickvIgaflLS40npMrhScXUOW3en4z8uu7BoMvXHyoGLvRy8JNa/s1600/14.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMnMbtGS2i0tpyQ9cjflZI4m6OxnD5Bc8J651CIWMeWiMHfUpSb8zhr_kgmZcKV0v4tO8RA4QYW8elhN4gOa3FfPmu4ickvIgaflLS40npMrhScXUOW3en4z8uu7BoMvXHyoGLvRy8JNa/s320/14.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlTV_Cb9Sb2_6qSayj8u_pDv2qEh3VmeUlUcK93SfSfAF1YTjqIZazXJvJrZ8VnCeOZgcuINA2n6zY-0372-S89oVQxW7FhbipvBA0SpQd10PpBPT2iDxN6PVNSLMTZ_6n26nUIqpTnha/s1600/142.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPlTV_Cb9Sb2_6qSayj8u_pDv2qEh3VmeUlUcK93SfSfAF1YTjqIZazXJvJrZ8VnCeOZgcuINA2n6zY-0372-S89oVQxW7FhbipvBA0SpQd10PpBPT2iDxN6PVNSLMTZ_6n26nUIqpTnha/s400/142.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Business-to-Business (B2B)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Electronic marketplace (E market place) – interactive business communities providing a central market where multiple buyers and sellers can engage in e business activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguNhnObcu9f_YYIxz3j5A0yFUsL1qwMM6xxwgdT8YktIaiG4T5MV8gfyzHZIGT3iIJ_0PtaI4G9yXqwkcjBavpfLe4AQ0yphwsYOa8sueTUs6BxxQ4qLQQPD37sJRXXBSfUNHOaG0EfUvg/s1600/143.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguNhnObcu9f_YYIxz3j5A0yFUsL1qwMM6xxwgdT8YktIaiG4T5MV8gfyzHZIGT3iIJ_0PtaI4G9yXqwkcjBavpfLe4AQ0yphwsYOa8sueTUs6BxxQ4qLQQPD37sJRXXBSfUNHOaG0EfUvg/s320/143.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Business-to-Consumer (B2C)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Common B2C e business models include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ E shop – A version of retail store where customers can shop at any hour of the day without leaving their home or office<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ E mall – consists of a number of e shops; it serves as a gateway through which a visitor can access other e shops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Business types;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Brick-and-mortar business<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Pure-play business<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Click-and-mortar business<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lf83x5-GGKpvTpeo1zebQwWyLCqxXWV77iDB2yau8_jP8Qt8_wW3ArRjqOXPQTb2d0wh9lkIt_HCFYO9vvXI1rDDjU8WDuw8JgQyLbEtCPR3mfR2wqTk3xgpD5oS3cnekt3bYW55iBhW/s1600/144.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lf83x5-GGKpvTpeo1zebQwWyLCqxXWV77iDB2yau8_jP8Qt8_wW3ArRjqOXPQTb2d0wh9lkIt_HCFYO9vvXI1rDDjU8WDuw8JgQyLbEtCPR3mfR2wqTk3xgpD5oS3cnekt3bYW55iBhW/s320/144.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Consumer-to-Business (C2B)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Priceline.com is an example of a C2B e business model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The demand for C2B e business will increase over the next few years due to customer’s desire for greater convenience and lower prices<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMgB2kraYf8Gp9Gkx8V0UeX_OWiPYfuTLWeY0riZUXKd8VsfzlH3u8TnWz40-Lb09tlmNtUzRLTECK5qX2VnBS_497p3DI29I5LGpD9Q6xVXFSukt4dHOxI8ydharIxO8pYmH4hsvtTJ6M/s1600/145.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMgB2kraYf8Gp9Gkx8V0UeX_OWiPYfuTLWeY0riZUXKd8VsfzlH3u8TnWz40-Lb09tlmNtUzRLTECK5qX2VnBS_497p3DI29I5LGpD9Q6xVXFSukt4dHOxI8ydharIxO8pYmH4hsvtTJ6M/s320/145.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Online auctions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Electronic auction (E auction) – Sellers and buyers solicit consecutive bids from each other and prices are determined dynamically<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Forward auction – Sellers use as a selling channel to many buyers and the highest bid wins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Reverse auction – Buyers use to purchase a product or service, selecting the seller with the lowest bid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø C2C communities include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Communities of interest – People interact with each other on specific topics, such as golfing and stamps collecting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Communities of relations – People come together to share certain life experiences, such as cancer patients, senior citizens, and car enthusiasts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Communities of fantasy – People participate in imaginary environments, such as fantasy football teams and playing one-to-one with Michael Jordan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnck6Lmz6PKEQaJZFvoxQ9PH8vlxm0qj8ApSBnSgHdGwRjphy3A5tjTckfJFntR-eRKJLZbuX8OQpUlR320w1Pe3QSmWytsNtZXIhH9we4CA-gPO-Z3r2DHnIjRqCD6ny1GHYrfDRZUr87/s1600/146.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnck6Lmz6PKEQaJZFvoxQ9PH8vlxm0qj8ApSBnSgHdGwRjphy3A5tjTckfJFntR-eRKJLZbuX8OQpUlR320w1Pe3QSmWytsNtZXIhH9we4CA-gPO-Z3r2DHnIjRqCD6ny1GHYrfDRZUr87/s320/146.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">EBUSINESS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø E business benefits include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Highly accessible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Increased customer loyalty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Improved information content<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Increased convenience<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Increased global reach<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Decreased cost<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø E business challenges include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Protecting consumers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Leveraging existing systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Increased liability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Providing security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Adhering to taxation rules<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø There are numerous advantages and limitations in e business revenue models including;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Transaction fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ License fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Subscription fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Value-added fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Advertising fees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">MASHUPS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Web mash up – A Web site or Web application that uses content from more than one source to create a completely new services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Application programming interface (API) – A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">§ Mash up editor – WSYIWYGs (What You See Is What You Get) for mash ups <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-30663346436530739512015-09-08T06:12:00.001-07:002015-09-10T20:09:14.943-07:00Chapter 13<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 13 - Creating Innovative Organization</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u>Disruptive Technology</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Digital Darwinism</b>- implies that organizations that cannot adapt to the new demands placed on them for surviving in the information age are doomed to extinction. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u><u>Disruptive versus sustaining technology</u></span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Disruptive technology</b>- new ways of doing things that initially does not meet the needs of existing customers.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Sustaining technology</b>- produces an improved product customers are eager to buy, such as faster car or larger hard drive.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> - It provides us with better, faster, and cheaper products in established markets.<br /><br /><u>Disruptive and Sustaining Technologies</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Disruptive technologies typically cut into the low end of the marketplace and eventually evolve to displace high-end competitors and their reigning technologies. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u><u>The Internet- Business Disruption</u><br /><u>Evolution of the internet</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Internet</b>- a global public network of computer networks that pass information from one to another using common computer protocols.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> <b>Protocols</b>- are the standards that specify the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Internet Engineering Task Force (IEFT)</b> - the protocol engineering and development arm of the internet.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Internet Architecture Board (IAB)</b>- responsible for defining the overall architecture of the Internet, providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF). </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)</b>- responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the internet standards process.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u></u></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u><u><br /></u></u></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u>
Evolution of the World Wide Web</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">The internet was restricted to noncommercial activities, and its users included government employees, researchers, university professors, and students. The World Wide Web changed the purpose and use of the internet.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>World Wide Web (WWW)</b>- a global hypertext system that uses the internet as its transport mechanism.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP)</b>- the internet standard that supports the exchange of information on the WWW. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> - It enables web authors to embed hyperlinks in web documents <br /> - It defines the process by which a web client, called a browser, originates a request for information and sends it to a web server, a program designed to respond to HTTP requests and provide the desired information.<br /><br /><u> Reasons for World Wide Web Growth:</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">The microcomputer revolution made it possible for an average person to own a computer. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Advancements in networking hardware, software, and made it media possible for business PCs to be inexpensively connected to larger networks.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Browser software such as Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator gave computer users an easy-to-use graphical interface to find, download, and display web pages.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">The speed, convenience, and low cost of email have made it an incredibly popular tool for business and personal communications. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Basic web pages are easy to create and extremely flexible.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Digital divide</b>- is when those with access to technology have great advantages over those without access to technology</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u><u>Internet’s Impact on Information</u></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Easy to compile</b>- searching for information on products, prices, customers, suppliers, and partners is faster and easier when using the internet. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Increased richness</b>- information richness refers to the depth and breadth of information transferred between customers and businesses. Businesses and customers can collect and track more detailed information when using the internet.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Increased reach</b>- information reach refers to the number of people a business can communicate with, on a global basis. Businesses can share information with numerous customers all over the world.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b>Improved content</b>- a key element of the internet is its ability to provide dynamic relevant content. Buyers need good content descriptions to make informed purchases, and sellers use content to properly market and differentiate themselves from the competition. Content and product description establish the common understanding between both parties to the transaction. As a result, the reach and richness of that content directly affects the transaction. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u><b><br /></b></u><u><b>File Formats Offere</b></u></span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><u style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;"><b>d over the WWW.Web 2.0</b></u><br style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;" /><u style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;"><b><br /></b></u><span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">A set of economic, social, and technology trends that collectively from the basis for the next generation of the internet- a more mature, distinctive medium characterized by user participation, openness, and network effects. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">It is more than just the latest technology buzzword; it is a transformative force that is catapulting companies across all industries toward a new war of performing business.</span></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
</div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-61614638275472240802015-09-07T21:25:00.003-07:002015-09-10T20:09:51.742-07:00Chapter 12<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 12 - Integrating The Organization From The End To End - Enterprise Resource Planning</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;" /></span><ul style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">It serves as the organization’s backbone in providing fundamental decision making support.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">It enables people in different business areas to communicate. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP system helps an organization to obtain operational efficiencies, lower costs, improve supplier and customer relations, and increase revenues and market share.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The heart of an ERP system is a central database that collects information from and feeds information into all the ERP system’s individual application components (called modules), supporting diverse business function such as accounting, manufacturing, marketing, and human resources. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> ERP automates business processes such as order fulfillment- taking an order from a customer, shipping the purchase, and then billing for it. </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP Integration Data Flow </span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>ERP Process Flow</u> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Bringing the Organization Together </span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> ERP enables employees across the organization to share information across a single, centralized database.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">With extended portal capabilities, an organization can also involve its suppliers and customers to participate in the workflow process, allowing ERP to penetrate the entire value chain, and help the organization achieve greater operational efficiency.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Organization before ERP </span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP- Bringing the Organization Together </span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>The Evolution of ERP</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Although ERP solutions were developed to deliver automation across multiple units of an organization, to help facilitate the manufacturing process and address issues such as raw materials, inventory, order entry, and distribution, ERP was unable to extend to other functional areas of the company such as sales, marketing, and shipping. It could not tie to any CRM capabilities that would allow organizations to capture customer-specific information, nor did it work with websites or portals used for customer service or order fulfillment</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;" /></span><div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Integrating SCM, CRM, and ERP</span></u></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Integration of SCM, CRM, and ERP is the key to success for many companies. Integration allows the unlocking of information to make it available to any user, anywhere, anytime. 2 main competitors in ERP market: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Oracle </span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Sap</span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold;">
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<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Primary Users and Business Benefits of Strategic Initiatives.</span></u></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Integration Tools</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">An integrated enterprise infuses support areas, such as finance and human resources, with a strong customer orientation. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Integration are achieved using: </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">* <b>Middleware</b>- several different types of software that sit in the middle of and provide connectivity between two or more software applications. It translates information between disparate systems.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">* <b>Enterprise application integration (EAI) middleware</b>- represents a new approach to middleware by packaging together commonly used functionality, such as providing prebuilt links to popular enterprise applications, which reduces the time necessary to develop solutions that integrate applications from multiple vendors.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Integration between SCM, CRM, and ERP Applications.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Companies run on independent applications, such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. If one application performs poorly, the entire customer value delivery system is affected.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Enterprise Resource Planning’s Explosive Growth:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Reasons of ERP being proven to be such a powerful force:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP is a logical solution to the mess of incompatible applications that had sprung up in most businesses. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP addresses the need for global information sharing and reporting.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ERP is used to avoid the pain and expense of fixing legacy systems</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">To qualify as a true ERP solution, the system not only must integrate various organization processes, but also must be:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <b>Flexible</b>- an ERP system should be flexible in order to respond to the changing needs of an enterprise. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Modular and open</b>- an ERP system has to have open system architecture, meaning that any module can be interfaced with or detached whenever required without affecting the other modules. The system should support multiple hardware platforms for organizations that have a heterogeneous collection of systems. It must also support third- party add-on components. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <b>Comprehensive</b>- an ERP system should be able to support a variety of organizational functions and must be suitable for a wide range of business organizations. </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <b>Beyond the company</b>- an ERP system must not be confined to organizational boundaries but rather support online connectivity to business partners or customers.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Everyone involved in sourcing, producing, delivering the company’s product works with the same information, which eliminates redundancies, cuts wasted time, and removes misinformation.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-72276207264546272312015-09-07T21:22:00.000-07:002015-09-10T20:09:00.532-07:00Chapter 11<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 11 – Building a Customer-Centric Organization – Customer Relationship Management</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CRM enables an organization to;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Provide better customer service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Make call centers more efficient<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Cross sell products more effectively<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Helps sales staff close deals faster<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Simplify marketing and sales processes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Discover new customers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Increase customer revenues<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">RECENCY, FREQUENCY AND MONETARY VALUE<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">An organization can find its most valuable customers by using a formula that industry insiders call FRM;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø How recently a customer purchased items (recency)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø How frequently a customer purchased items (frequency)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø How much a customer speeds on each purchased (monetary value)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">THE EVALUATION OF CRM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CRM reporting technologies help organizations identify their customers across other applications. CRM analysis technologies help organizations segment their customers into categories such as best and worst customers. CRM predicting technologies help organizations predict customer behavior, such as which customers are at risk of leaving. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">THE UGLY SIDE OF CRM: WHY CRM MATTERS MORE NOW THAN EVER BEFORE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT’S EXPLOSIVE GROWTH</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">USING ANALYTICAL CRM TO ENHANCE DECISION <o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Operational CRM – supports traditional transactional processing for day-to-day front-office operations or systems that deal directly with the customers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Analytical CRM – supports back-office operations and strategic analysis and includes all system that do not deal directly with the customers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">CRM success factors include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Clearly communicate the CRM strategy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Define information needs and flows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Build an integrated view of the customer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Implement in iterations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ø Scalability for organizational growth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">USING ANALYTICAL CRM TO ENHANCE DECISION<br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Operational CRM and analytical CRM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-38385554136750126752015-08-25T06:03:00.000-07:002015-08-25T06:53:29.494-07:00Chapter 10<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 10 – Extending the Organization – Supply Chain Management</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">BASICS OF SUPPLY CHAIN<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>SCM</b> – the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The supply chain has three main links.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Materials flows from suppliers and their upstream suppliers at all levels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Transformation of materials into semi-finished products, or the organization’s own production processes</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3. Distribution of products to customers and their downstream customers at all levels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY’S ROLE IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Information technology’s primary role in SCM is creating the integrations or tight process and information linkages between functions within a firm such as marketing, sales, finance, manufacturing, and distribution – and between firms, which allow the smooth, synchronized flow of both information and product between customers, suppliers and transportation providers across the supply chain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">VISIBILITY <o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Supply Chain Visibility is the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain. Changing supply chains requires a comprehensive strategy buoyed by information technology. Organizations can use technology tools that help them integrate upstream and downstream, with both customers and suppliers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">The bullwhip effect occurs when distorted product demand information passes from one entity to the next throughout the supply chain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">The behavior of customers has changed the way businesses complete. Customers will leave if a company does not continually meet their expectations. They are more demanding because they have information readily available, they know exactly what they want, and they know when and how they want it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Demand planning software generates demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques. Companies can respond faster and more effectively to consumer demands through supply chain enhancements such as demand planning software.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Once an organization understands customer demand and its effect on the supply chain it can begin to estimate the impact that its supply chain will have on its customers and ultimately the organization’s performance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">COMPETITION<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Supply chain planning (SCP) software uses advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain while reducing inventory. SCP depends entirely on information for its accuracy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Supply chain execution (SCE) software automates the different steps and stages of the supply chain. This could be as simple as electronically routing orders from a manufacturer to a supplier.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SPEED <o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">These systems raise the accuracy, frequency and speed of communication between suppliers and customers, as well as between internal users.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Another aspect of speed is the company’s ability to satisfy continually changing customer requirements efficiently, accurately and quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">To succeed in today’s competitive markets, companies must align their supply chain with the demands of the markets they serve.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">·<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Supply chain performance is now a distinct competitive advantage for companies proficient in the SCM area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">MAKE THE SALE TO SUPPLIERS<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The hardest part of any SCM system is its complexity because a large part of the system extends beyond the company’s walls. Not only will the people in the organization need to change the way they work, but also the people from each supplier that is added to the network must change. Be sure suppliers are on board with the benefits that the SCM system will provide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">WEAN EMPLOYEES OFF TRADITIONAL BUSINESS PRACTICES</span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Operations people typically deal with phone calls, faxes and orders scrawled on paper and will most likely want to keep it that way. Unfortunately, an organization cannot disconnect the telephones and fax machines just because it is implementing a supply chain management system. If the organization cannot convince people that using the software will be worth their time, they will easily find ways to work around it, which will quickly decrease the changes of success for the SCM system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">ENSURE THE SCM SYSTEM SUPPORTS THE ORGANIZATION GOALS<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is important to select SCM software that gives organizations an advantage in the areas most crucial to their business success. If the organizational goals support highly efficient strategies, be sure the supply chain design has the same goals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">DEPLOY IN INCREMENTAL PHASE AND MEASURE AND COMMUNICATE SUCCESS<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Design the development of the SCM system in incremental phases. For instance, instead of installing a complete supply chain management system across the company and all suppliers at once, start by getting it working with a few key suppliers, and then move on to the other suppliers. Along the way, make sure each step is adding value through improvements in the supply chain’s performance. While a big-picture perspective is vital to SCM success, the incremental approach means the SCM system should be implemented in digestible bites and also measured for success one step at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">BE FUTURE ORIENTED <o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The supply chain design must anticipate the future state of the business. Because the SCM system likely will last for many more years than originally planned, managers need to explore how flexible the systems will be when (not if) changes are required in the future. The key is to be certain that the software will meet future needs, not only current needs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-52438173801716905782015-08-25T06:01:00.000-07:002015-08-25T06:53:07.699-07:00Chapter 9<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 9 – Enabling the Organization-Decision Making</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Decision Making <o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Reasons for Growth of Decision Making Information System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- People need to analyze large amounts of information – Improvements in technology itself, innovations in communication, and globalization have resulted in a dramatic increase in the alternatives and dimensions people need to consider when making a decision or appraising an opportunity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- People must make decisions quickly – Time is of the essence and people simply do not have time to sift through all the information manually<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- People must apply sophisticated analysis techniques, such as modeling and forecasting, to make good decisions – Information systems substantially reduce the time required to perform these sophisticated analysis techniques<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- People must protect the corporate asset of organizational information – Information systems offer the security required to ensure organizational information remains safe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Model – A simplified representation or abstraction of reality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø IT systems in an enterprise</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Moving up through the organizational pyramid users move from requiring transactional information to analytical information</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Transaction processing system – the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysis) in an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Online transaction processing (OLTP) – the capturing of transaction and event information using technology to (1) process the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the information, (3) update existing information to reflect the new information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Online analytical processing (OLAP) – the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Decision support system (DSS) – models information to support managers and business professionals during the decision-making process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Three quantitative models used by DSSs include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Sensitivity analysis – the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of the model have on other parts of the model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. What-if analysis – checks the impact of a change in an assumption on the proposed solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3. Goal-seeking analysis – finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of outputs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">What-if analysis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Executive information system (EIS) – A specialized DSS that supports senior level executives within the organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Most EISs offering the following capabilities;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Consolidation – involves the aggregation of information and features simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Drill-down – enables users to get details, and details of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Slice-and-dice – looks at information from different perspectives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Interaction between a TPS and an EIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Interaction between a TPS and a DSS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Digital dashboard – integrates information from multiple components and presents it in a united display<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Artificial intelligence (AI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The ultimate goal of AI is the ability to build a system that can mimic human intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Intelligent system – various commercial applications of artificial intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Artificial intelligence (AI) – simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Four most common categories of AI include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Expert system – computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Neural network – attempts to emulate the way the human brain works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">o Fuzzy logic – a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3. Genetic algorithm – an artificial intelligent system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">4. Intelligent agent – special-purposed knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf of its users<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Data Mining<o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Data-mining software includes many forms of AI such as neutral networks and expert systems</span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-25510310008679104902015-08-25T05:44:00.000-07:002015-08-25T06:53:42.144-07:00Chapter 8<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Chapter 8 – Accessing Organizational Information – Data Warehouse</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">What is Data Warehouse?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- A decision support database that is maintained separately from the organization’s operational database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- A consistent database source that bring together information from multiple sources for decision support queries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Support information processing by providing a solid platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">History of Data Warehousing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø In the 1990’s executives became less concerned with the day-to-day business operations and more concerned with overall business functions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The data warehouse provided the ability to support decision making without disrupting the day-to-day operations, because;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Operational information is mainly current – does not include the history for better decision making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Issues of quality information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Without information history, it is difficult to tell how and why things change over time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Data warehouse fundamentals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Data warehouse – A logical collection of information – gathered from many different operational databases – that supports business analysis activities and decision-making takes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to combined information throughout an organization into a single repository for decision-making purposes – data warehouse support only analytical processing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Data warehouse model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Extraction, transformation and loading (ETL) – A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Data warehouse then send subsets of the information to data mart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Data mart – contains a subset of data warehouse information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br />Multidimensional Analysis and Data Mining <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Relational Database contains information in a series of two-dimensional tables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø In a data warehouse and data mart, information is multidimensional, it contains layers of columns and rows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Dimension – A particular attribute of information</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Cube – common term for the representation of multidimensional information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Once a cube of information is created, users can begin to slice and dice the cube to drill down into the information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Users can analyze information in a number of different ways and with number of different dimensions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Data Mining – the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone. Also known as “knowledge discovery” – computer-assisted tools and techniques for sifting through and analyzing vast data stores in order to finds trends, patterns and correlations that can guide decision making and increase understanding</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø To perform data mining users need data-mining tools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Data-mining tool – uses a variety of techniques to finds patterns and relationships in large volumes of information. Eg: retailers and use knowledge of these patterns to improve the placement of items in the layout of a mail-order catalog page or Web page.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Information Cleansing or Scrubbing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø An organization must maintain high-quality data in the data warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Information cleansing or scrubbing – A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect or incomplete information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Occurs during ETL process and second on the information once if is in the data warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Contract information in an operational system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Standardizing Customer name from Operational Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Information cleansing activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Missing Records or Attributes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Redundant Records<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Missing Keys or Other Required Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Erroneous Relationships or References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Inaccurate Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Accurate and complete information</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Business Intelligence <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Business Intelligence – refers to applications and technologies that are used to gather, provides access, analyze data and information to support decision making efforts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø These systems will illustrate business intelligence in the areas of customer profiling, customer support, market research, market segmentation, product profitability, statistical analysis, and inventory and distribution analysis to name a few<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ø Eg; Excel, Access<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Question?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Describe the roles and purposes of data warehouse and data marts in an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Compare the multidimensional nature of data warehouses (and data marts) with the two-dimensional nature of databases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3. Identify the information of ensuring the cleanliness of information throughout an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">4. Explain the relationship between business intelligence and a data warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-84406883089665508962015-08-16T07:26:00.002-07:002015-08-16T09:52:59.285-07:00Chapter 7<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, FreeMono, monospace; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">CHAPTER 7 : STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">This is CHAPTER 7 : STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION<br /><br />- Information is stored in database.<br /><br /><span style="color: #351c75;"> Relational Database Fundamentals</span><br /> - Database : maintain information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transaction), people(employees), and places(warehouses).<br /> - Hierarchical database model : information is organised into a tree-like structure that allows repeating using parent/child relationship.<br /> - Network database model : a flexible way of representing objects and their relationship.<br />- Relational database model : type of database that stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.<br /><br /><span style="color: #351c75;"> Entities And Attributes </span><br /><span style="color: #351c75;"><br /></span> - Entity : is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored.<br />- Attributes : is fields or columns, are characteristics or properties of an entity class.<br /><br /><span style="color: #351c75;"> Relational Database Advantages </span><br /><br />- Increased flexibility<br /> : a good database and any good business must able to handle changes quickly and easily.<br /> : physical view – information deals with physical storage of information on a storage device.<br />: logical view – information focuses on how users logically access information to meet their particular business needs.<br /><br /> - Increased scalability and performance<br />: scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demand.<br />: performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction.<br />: database today scale to exceptional levels, allowing all types of users and programs to perform information-processing and information-searching tasks.<br /><br /> - Reduced information redundancy<br /> :redundancy – is the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places.<br /> :database is to eliminate information redundancy<br /><br /> - Increased information and integrity (quality)<br /> : information integrity – measure of the quality of information : information constraints – rules that help ensure the quality of information<br />: relational integrity constraints – rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints. :business-critical integrity constraints – enforce business rules vital to an organization’s success and often requires more insight and knowledge.<br /><br /> - Increased information security : information is an organizational asset. : passwords provide authentication of the user who is gaining access to the system.<br /> : Access levels determine who has access to the different types of information.<br /> : Access controls determine what types of access they have to the information.<br /><br /> <span style="color: #351c75;">Database Management System </span><br /> - Database management system (DBMS) : is a software through which users and application programmes interact with the database.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-84115011784054764032015-08-03T06:21:00.002-07:002015-08-03T07:27:24.540-07:00Chapter 6<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Chapter 6 – Valuing Organizational Information</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Information is everywhere in an organization</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Employees must be able to obtain and analyze the many different levels, formats and granularity of organizational information to make decisions</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing information can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is performing</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">THE VALUE OF TRANSNATIONAL AND ANALYTICALLY INFORMATION</span><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Transaction information verses analytically information</span></li>
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THE VALUE OF TIMELY INFORMATION<br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation</span></div>
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- Real-time information – immediate, up-to-date information<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Real-time system – provides real-time information in response to query requests<o:p></o:p></div>
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THE VALUE OF QUALITY INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the information used to make the decisions<o:p></o:p></div>
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- You never want to find yourself using technology to help you make a bad decision faster<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Characteristics of high-quality information include;<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg76cWGj8fWIFUOp4UzOzJnOd-YOd86uCaU_I2bXmfiM9OJn_IXe8DvnsL-2K-v3x9BXAMkbWpPpJvswFHIN2RNPWfZ4cEMvdHaGUfNC1y7endd1tUYLWzKvPP7w1NmGGxqC9QGAFoOmBPn/s1600/capture-20130714-064203.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg76cWGj8fWIFUOp4UzOzJnOd-YOd86uCaU_I2bXmfiM9OJn_IXe8DvnsL-2K-v3x9BXAMkbWpPpJvswFHIN2RNPWfZ4cEMvdHaGUfNC1y7endd1tUYLWzKvPP7w1NmGGxqC9QGAFoOmBPn/s400/capture-20130714-064203.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></div>
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- Low quality information example;<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SZDKU9R_9gFdDQyGBoxpicfg_ADpnDV_MaagmuOycucoRMxpcHhs4uuJn6T8fM5w3mce2EeL20CxWeZ9Sf2uzqgMkEUdllwfHgFCpd1sK5UfS7B8Pj-sbAOvROIYE0E83WjOoSNjiSp8/s1600/capture-20130714-082155.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SZDKU9R_9gFdDQyGBoxpicfg_ADpnDV_MaagmuOycucoRMxpcHhs4uuJn6T8fM5w3mce2EeL20CxWeZ9Sf2uzqgMkEUdllwfHgFCpd1sK5UfS7B8Pj-sbAOvROIYE0E83WjOoSNjiSp8/s400/capture-20130714-082155.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></o:p></div>
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UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS OF POOR INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></div>
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- The four primary sources of low quality information include;<br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Online customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Information from different systems have different entry standards and formats</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Call center operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Third party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies and errors</span></blockquote>
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- Potential business effects resulting from low quality information include;<br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Inability to accurately track customers</span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Difficulty identifying valuable customers</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Inability to identify selling opportunities</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Marketing to nonexistent customers</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Difficulty tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">- Inability to build strong customer relationships</span></blockquote>
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UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF GOOD INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></div>
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- High quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Good decisions can directly impact an organization’s bottom line</div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-24764588497809653382015-07-31T08:41:00.004-07:002015-08-03T07:33:06.645-07:00Chapter 5<h2 style="color: #222222; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Chapter 5 – Organizational Structures that Support Strategic Initiatives</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Organizational employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses upon.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Information technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Recent IT – related strategic positions:</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Chief Information Officer (CIO)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Chief Technology Officer (CTO)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Chief Security Officer (CSO)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Chief Information Officer (CIO) – oversees all uses of IT and ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Broad CIO functions include;</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Manager – ensuring the delivery of all IT projects, on time and within budget.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Leader – ensuring the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Communicator – building and maintaining strong executive relationships.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Average CIO compensation by industry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Industry<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Average CIO Compensation<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Wholesale/Retail/Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 243,304<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Finance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 210,547<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Insurance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 197,697<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Manufacturing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 190,250<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Medical/Dental/Health Care<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 171,032<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 118,359<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">$ 93,750</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· What concerns CIOs the most<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Percentages %<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">CIOs Concerns<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Enhancing customer satisfaction<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Security<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Technology evaluation<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Budgeting<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Staffing<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ROI analysis<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Building new applications<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 2.25pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Outsourcing hosting<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">o Chief Technology Officer (CTO) – responsible for ensuring the throughput , speed, accuracy, availability and reliability of IT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">o Chief Security Officer (CSO) – responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">o Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) – responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">o Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) – responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the organization’s knowledge</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj809d9S2m-f0bkeCYiIhSfZiJUSKCHQsK_HU2C2PNz5p-B-YSLrQeJlIC2Ls4R-pnAiOb943FRDnYFxG1PZMDW8pJSUgYWV4JsO-KvB5TAodgny0xEPa3Sks4_hosSaHdtYgb_PbCCPYGn/s1600/capture-20130713-204919.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj809d9S2m-f0bkeCYiIhSfZiJUSKCHQsK_HU2C2PNz5p-B-YSLrQeJlIC2Ls4R-pnAiOb943FRDnYFxG1PZMDW8pJSUgYWV4JsO-KvB5TAodgny0xEPa3Sks4_hosSaHdtYgb_PbCCPYGn/s320/capture-20130713-204919.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">THE GAP BETWEEN BUSINESS PERSONNEL AND IT PRSONNEL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Business personnel possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting and sales</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">IT personnel have the technological expertise</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">This typically causes a communications gap between the business personnel and IT personnel</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">IMPROVING COMMUNICATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of the business</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">It is the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between business personnel and IT personnel</span></span></li>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ORGANIZATIONAL FUNDAMENTALS – ETHICS AND SECURITY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses on to be successful</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">In recent years, such event as the 9/11 have shed new light on the meaning of ethics and security</span></li>
</ul>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">ETHICS<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></span><br />
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ethics – the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Privacy is a major ethical issues;</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Privacy – the right to be left alone when you want to be to have control ever your own personnel possessions and not to be observed without your consent</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Issues affected by technology advances</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: none;"><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Intelligent property<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Copyright<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, video game and some types of proprietary documents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Fair use doctrine<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">In certain situations, it is legal to use copyrighted material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Pirated software<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The unauthorized use, duplication, distribution or sale of copyrighted software<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Counterfeit software<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Software that is manufactured to lock like the real thing and sold as such</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">One of the main ingredients in trust is privacy</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Primary reasons privacy issues lost trust for e-business</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: none;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Loss of personnel privacy is a top concern for Americans in the 21<sup>st</sup>century<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Among Internet users, 37 percent would be “a lot” more inclined to purchase a product on a websites that had a privacy policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1.5pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Privacy/security is the number one factors that would convert Internet researchers into Internet buyers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">SECURITY – HOW MUCH WILL DOWNTIME COST YOUR BUSINESS??<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: none;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Sources of Unplanned Downtime<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Bomb threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Hacker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Snowstorm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Burst pipe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Hail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Sprinkler malfunction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Chemical spill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Hurricane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Static electricity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Construction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ice storm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Strike<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Corrupted data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Insects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Terrorism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Earthquake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Lightning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Theft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Electrical short<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Network failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Tornado<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Epidemic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Plane crash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Train derailment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Equipment failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Frozen pipe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Smoke damage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Evacuation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Power outage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Vandalism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Explosion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Power surge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Vehicle crash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Fire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Rodents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Virus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Flood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Sabotage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Water damage (various)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Fraud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Shredded data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Wind<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· How much will downtime cost your business??</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL ASSETS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Organizational information is intellectual capital – it must be protected<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Information security – the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· E-business automatically crates tremendous information security risks for organization</span></div>
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</div>
Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-11039612785631313222015-07-22T21:28:00.000-07:002015-08-03T07:32:58.719-07:00Chapter 4<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #242424; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">Chapter 4 – Measuring the Success of Strategic Initiative</span><span style="background-color: white;">s</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">MEASURING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY’S SUCCESS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Key performance indicator – measures that are tied to business drivers</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Metrics are detailed measures that feed KPIs</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Performance metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology, nor business centered, but requires input from both IT and business professionals</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px;"></o:p><br style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px;" /></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Efficiency IT metric – measures the performance of the IT system itself including throughput, speed, and availability</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Effectiveness IT metric – measures the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversion rates, and sell-through increases</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px;"></o:p><br style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px;" /></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">BENCHMARKING – BASELINE METRICS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Regardless of what is measured, how it is measured, and whether it is for the sake of efficiency or effectiveness, there must be </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><i>benchmarks </i>– </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">baseline values the system seeks to attain</span></span></li>
<li style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><i>Benchmarking – </i></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance (benchmark values), and identifying steps and producers to improve system performance.</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">EFFICIENCY IT METRIC</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">measure the performance of the IT system itself including throughout,speed and availability.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">lots of useful information</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">EFFECTIVENESS IT METRIC</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">measure the impact it has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversation rates, and sell-through increases.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;">the extent to which our services are prefer by many consumers.</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">METRICS FOR STRATEGIC INITIATIVES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">- Metrics for measuring and managing strategic initiatives include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">· Website metrics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">· Supply chain management (SCM) metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">· Customer relationship management (CRM) metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">· Business process reengineering (BPR) metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">· Enterprise resource planning (ERP) metrics <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">WEBSITE METRICS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><o:p>SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT METRICS </o:p><br /><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT METRICS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">BPR and ERP Metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">- The balanced scorecard enables organizations to measure and manage strategic initiatives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 19.25px;"><b>E </b></span></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-44288142621182680242015-07-22T21:16:00.003-07:002015-08-03T07:31:03.794-07:00Chapter 3<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Chapter 3 (Strategic Initiatives for I</span><span style="background-color: white;">mplementing Competitive Advantages)</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #e36c0a; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;">After study this chapter we would able to</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;"> list and describe the four basic components of supply chain management</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain strategy is the strategy for managing all the resources required to meet customer demand for all products and services<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain partners are the partners chosen to deliver finished products, raw materials, and services including pricing, delivery, and payment processes along with partner relationship monitoring metrics<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain operation is the schedule for production activities including testing, packaging, and preparation for delivery<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">§<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain logistics is the product delivery processes and elements including orders, warehouses, carriers, defective product returns, and invoicing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Strategic Initiatives<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">ü<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain management (SCM)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">ü<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Customer relationship management (CRM)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">ü<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Business process reengineering (BPR)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">ü<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Enterprise resource planning (ERP)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #e36c0a; line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"><o:p><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;">What is Supply Chain Management?</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply Chain Management</span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> (SCM) can be defined as the involves in management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;">There are four basic components of Supply Chain Management which come under<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain strategy</span></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> – strategy for managing all resources to meet customer demand<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain partner</span></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> – partners throughout the supply chain that deliver finished products, raw materials, and services.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain operation</span></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> – schedule for production activities<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Supply chain logistics </span></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">– product delivery process</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;">Effective and efficient SCM systems can enable an organization to<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Decrease the power of its buyers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Increase its own supplier power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Increase switching costs to reduce the threat of substitute products or services.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Create entry barriers thereby reducing the threat of new entrants.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">What is Customer Relationship Management?<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">CRM is not just technology, but a strategy, process, and business goal that an organization must embrace on an enterprisewide level. If an organization does not embrace CRM on an enterprisewide level it will have a difficult time gaining a complete view of its customers. CRM can enable an organization to identify types of customers, design specific marketing campaigns tailored to each individual customer, and understand customer-buying behaviors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Customer Relationship Management also involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Many organizations, such as Charles Schwab and Kaiser Permanente, have obtained great success through the implementation of CRM systems<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: orange;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Business Process Reengineering<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Ø<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><i><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Business process</span></i></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> – a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer’s order<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Ø<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><i><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">Business process reengineering (BPR)</span></i></b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"> – the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The purpose of BPR is to make all business processes best-in-class<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #e36c0a; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">What is Enterprise Resource Planning?</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">•<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.9961986541748px;">It is a systems collection data from across an organization and correlates the data generating an enterprise wide view<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-47478634817826700622015-07-07T06:07:00.001-07:002015-08-03T07:32:50.515-07:00Chapter 2<div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Chapter 2 – Identifying Competitive Advantage</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoeNbqnPbjrNvLCH6cU2r6Aazdx8EFNH2-3kOelsLVw00COzgoVc68jYIbyM7QOxdWDzCMy3Lt6opHjtz5DTCvQL0drmbkJnUcUx7vhNpesKw_jk73V-nFYGFux1_t8tpteKYhIILilCD/s491/capture-20130704-134545.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoeNbqnPbjrNvLCH6cU2r6Aazdx8EFNH2-3kOelsLVw00COzgoVc68jYIbyM7QOxdWDzCMy3Lt6opHjtz5DTCvQL0drmbkJnUcUx7vhNpesKw_jk73V-nFYGFux1_t8tpteKYhIILilCD/s320/capture-20130704-134545.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">What is competitive advantage?</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">A product or services that an organization’s customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Unfortunately, CA is temporary because competitors keep duplicate the strategy.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Then, the company should start the new competitive advantage</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model is useful tool to aid organization in challenging decision whether to join a new industry or industry segment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEn8yFhz5X-nQ-nibd-ODoizqqgYOxpDRaAQtoSh27_gVaV9jV7iXmbwH1PMEDse53pdk73qtvpjfmBP4gGFkEO0_vN6pSe5o3O1P3jHpRGCpnXX_okyASnZzjVbizcgUn1SIjSQjHNTn6/s511/capture-20130704-134719.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEn8yFhz5X-nQ-nibd-ODoizqqgYOxpDRaAQtoSh27_gVaV9jV7iXmbwH1PMEDse53pdk73qtvpjfmBP4gGFkEO0_vN6pSe5o3O1P3jHpRGCpnXX_okyASnZzjVbizcgUn1SIjSQjHNTn6/s320/capture-20130704-134719.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Buyer Power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· High – when buyers have many choices of whom to buy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Low – when their choices are few<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· To reduce buyer power (and create competitive advantage), an organization must make it more attractive to buy from the company not from the competitors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Best practices of IT based<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> - Loyalty program in travel industry, for example rewards on free airline tickets or hotel stays<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Competitive Environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bargaining Power of Customers/Buyer Power<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Customers can grow large and powerful as a result of their market share</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Many choices of whom to buy from</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Low when comes to limited items</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Example, used loyalty programs (Jusco card, Tesco card, being a members to get the discount)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Supplier Power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· High – when buyers have few choices of whom to buy from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Low – when their choices are many<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Best practices of IT to create competitive advantage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Example, B2B marketplace – private exchange allow a single buyer to posts it needs and then open the bidding to any supplier who would care to bid. <u>Reverse auction</u> is an auction format in which increasingly lower bids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">An organization within the Supply Chain</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Supplier power is the converse of buyer power</span></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyk2xtLrMUd4-0hWtLG4qn9ApN_msTowQZKaVSL6ILHOKvfFb93Dy6o8J0XgpKnWIz1-bqGasx6CJ8ZAnspqvooPM21j73xhkOrVgxbHi67O7j4LmYfoGrW7_jyobrX9qqK1bMlOt7skK/s626/capture-20130704-135011.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyk2xtLrMUd4-0hWtLG4qn9ApN_msTowQZKaVSL6ILHOKvfFb93Dy6o8J0XgpKnWIz1-bqGasx6CJ8ZAnspqvooPM21j73xhkOrVgxbHi67O7j4LmYfoGrW7_jyobrX9qqK1bMlOt7skK/s400/capture-20130704-135011.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1. Threat of Substitute products and services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· High – when there are many alternatives to a product or service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Low – when there are few alternatives from which to choose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Ideally, an organization would like to be on a market in which there are few substitutes of their product or services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Best practices of IT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Example, Electronic product – same functions different brands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Competitive Environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Threat of Substitutes<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<ul style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-indent: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">To the extent that </span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">customers can use different products</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> to fulfill the same need, the threat of substitutes exists</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Example, electrical product – same function different brands</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Switching cost</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> – costs can make customer reluctant to switch to another product or service</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2. Threat of new entrants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· High – when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Low – when there are significant entry barriers to entering a market<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Entry barriers is a product or service feature that customers have come to except from organizations and must be offered by entering organization to complete and survive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Best practices of IT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Example, new bank must offers online paying bills, acc. monitoring to compete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Competitive Environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Threat of New Entrants</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="color: #222222; font-weight: bold; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-indent: 0px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Many threats come from companies that do not yet exist or have a presence in a given industry or market</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The threat of new entrants forces top management to monitor the trends, especially in technology, that might give rise to new competitors</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Example, new bank (online paying bills, acc. monitoring)</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3. Rivalry among existence competitors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· High – when competition is fierce in a market<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Low – when competition is more complacent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">· Best practices of IT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Wal-Mart and its suppliers using IT – enabled system for communication and track product at aisles by effective tagging system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">- Reduce cost by using effective supply chain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Competitive Environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rivalry Among Existing Firms</span></u></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Existing competitors are not much of the threat: typically each firm has found its “niche”.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">However, </span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">changes in management</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">, ownership, or “</span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">the rules of the game</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">” can give </span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">rise to serious threats</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> to long term survival from existing firms</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Example, the </span><u style="text-indent: -0.25in;">airline industry faces serious threats</u><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> from airlines operating in bankruptcy, who do not the debts while slashing fares against those healthy airlines who do pay on debt. (MAS & AIR ASIA)</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The Value Chains – Targeting Business Processes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Supply Chain – a chain or series of processes that adds value to product and service for customer</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Add value to its products and services that support a profit margin for the firm</span></span></li>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9030300192493679750.post-68605847764622192252015-07-07T06:05:00.001-07:002015-08-03T07:31:17.834-07:00Chapter 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">CHAPTER 1 </span></b></div>
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<u><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Information Technology's Role in Business</span></b></u><br />
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<li><span style="line-height: 21.3333320617676px;">Understanding Information Technology (IT) provides an advantage in business, and also very important to all students regardless of their area of expertise. </span></li>
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</b></span><br />
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Information Technology's Impact on Business Operations</span></b></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information Technology plays a critical role in deploying enterprisewide initiatives by facilitating communication and increasing business intelligence. (In other words allowing people to communicate in newer ways.)</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>In order to understand IT's role in business you must learn how businesses function. A typical business operates by <u>functional areas</u>. </b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Functional areas are interdependent parts of a business. </b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Each functional area has a specific core business function. </b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information Technology (IT) - is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Does no guarantee business success and innovation, but is most useful when it leverages the talents of people. IT is only efficient if the right people know how to use and manage it effectively.</b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Management Information Systems (MIS) - is a general name for the business function and academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures--collectively information systems--to solve business problems.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>MIS is a business function just as marketing, finance, operations, and human resources are business functions.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Accounting - provides quantitative information about the finances of the business including recording, measuring, and describing financial information. </b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Finance - deals with the strategic financial issues associated with increasing the value of the business, while observing applicable laws and social responsibilities. </b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Human Resources (HR) - includes the policies, plans, and procedures for the effective management of employees (human resources).</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Sales - is the function of selling a good or service and focuses on increasing customer sales, which increases company revenues.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Marketing - is the process associated with promoting the sale of goods or services. The marketing department supports the sales department by creating promotions that help sell the company's products. </b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Operations Management (also called production management) - is the management of systems or processes that convert or transform resources (including human resources) into goods and services.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Management information systems (MIS) - is the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures--collectively called information systems--to solve problems. </b></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>It is important to distinguish between data, information, business intelligence.</b></span><br />
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Data</i> - are raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event.</b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Information</i> - is data converted into a meaningful and useful context.</b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Business Intelligence - </i>refers to applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information to support decision -making efforts.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>The plans and goals of the IT department must align wit the plans and goals of the organization.</b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Three Key Resources: (in order of priority)</span></b></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>People</i> use.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>information technology </i>to work with</b></span></li>
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<li><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>information</b></span></i></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>^^^ are inextricably linked. If one fails they all fail. Also if one fails, then chances are the business will fail.</b></span></li>
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<li style="list-style: disc outside url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/1793fe/system/app/themes/legalpad/bullet.gif);"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Organizational Information Cultures</span></b></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information-Functional Culture - Employees use information as a means of exercising influence or power over others.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information-Sharing Culture - Employees across departments trust each other to sue information (especially about problems and failures) to improve performance.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information-Inquiring Culture - Employees across departments search for information to better understand the future and align themselves with current trends and new directions.</b></span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Information-Discovery Culture - Employees across departments are open to new insights about crises and radical changes and seek ways to create competitive advantages.</b></span></li>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.bahbitli.com/bah/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/IT001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><img border="0" src="http://www.bahbitli.com/bah/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/IT001.jpg" height="169" width="200" /></b></span></a></div>
<u><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Information Technology Basics</span></b></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Common Departments in an Organization </u></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Functional Areas of Business</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><b>Data, Information, and Business Intelligence</b></u></span></div>
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<u style="line-height: 21.3333320617676px;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">IT Resources</span></b></u><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><u style="line-height: 21.3333320617676px;">IT Cultures</u></span><img src="http://researchatpwcbed.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/information_technology.jpg" style="line-height: 21.3333320617676px;" /></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 21.3333320617676px;"><b>It culture plays a large role in determining how successful it will share information.</b></span></span></div>
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Nurhajar Hidayahlianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07797539772863674294noreply@blogger.com0